A music wani gefe - yana da ... wani m Kalmar "baki"

A music Kant - wani irin iyali sautunan songs. Ya samu tartsatsi a Rasha, Belarus da kuma Ukraine. Mene ne dalilin da bayyanar gefuna? Ina da sana'a Genre yana ta asalin? Menene halayen muhimmi a cikin shi? Wadannan da sauran al'amurran da suka shafi ban sha'awa ba kawai ga wani kunkuntar da'irar kwararru, amma kuma na bincike mutane da suka ji dadin art na music.

choral music

Kafin akai la'akari da tambaya "abin shi ne wani gefe a cikin music?", Ya kamata ka yi la'akari da choral yi a matsayin dukan. Choral music ne na dama iri: jama'a, da na addinai, wadanda mutane, masu sana'a. The m almara choral singing akwai a cikin nau'i na jama'a songs. A qagaggun iya zama ko dai rufaffiyar tsarin (cikakken art) da kuma bude.

Choral music suna bambanta da wasu halaye. Da fari dai, da irin polyphony: homophony, heterophony ko polyphony. Na biyu, da abun da ke ciki na da gudanar: Unaccompanied (a'capella), solo mai tsarkakewa ko masu raka (instrumental music).

Choral qagaggun iya zama wani ɓangare na fi girma ayyukansu, da kuma gaba daya m rubuce. Tartsatsi iri-iri na choral jiyya da ake amfani a yau. Wannan tsari, kwafi, kazalika da harmonization.

Na bayar da muhimmanci ga ci gaban choral music ya ma'adanin na zamanin tsohuwar Girka, Rum, India da kuma Misira. Rushewar addinin Krista a Orthodoxy da Katolika da aka nuna a cikin juyin halitta daga addini da kuma wadanda mutane. A tsakiyar zamanai akwai nau'in farkon polyphony, kira organum. Daban-daban gidajen lama da majami'u da manyan Turai birane zama cibiyoyin coci choral music. A jami'o'i ne ƙara sauti dalibi songs, kuma wadanda mutane motets.

Choral tsarkakewa (polyphony) ne yaxu a cikin Renaissance. Tabbatar da manufa na mutuncin da m abun da ke ciki, bazu ko'ina daban-daban wadanda mutane siffofin, sabon nau'o'i (motet, madrigal, Mass, Magnificat, chanson). Works of Masters na Dutch makaranta taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin halitta daga choral music. Daga cikin mafiya muhimmanci wakilan kamata a lura Dufay, Despres, Izak, Obrecht, Okegema.

Basic dabaru da kuma ado ka'idodinta Masters na Dutch makaranta bayyana a cikin ayyukan Lasso, Gabrieli, Palestrina, Monteverdi da sauransu. A key lokacin da aka bayyanar da wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan shi ne karshe rabuwa na coci choral music. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar roba Genre kafa cantatas da oratorios.

Mene ne wani gefe a cikin music?

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, irin wannan gida sautunan songs. Daga tsakiyar karni XVII ga dukkan Rasha ne hanzari tasowa syllabic shayari. A wannan batun, akwai wani gefe, da kuma matsayin sana'a salo. Da farko, an rubuta yafi a addini matani da kuma kira Psal'ma.

Farkon gefuna dauke da hadaddun tonal tsarin, wanda aka hankali lauye Rasha da kuma Ukrainian jama'a songs, Polish music kuma Banner rera. Sun zo a cikin wani iri-iri thematic abun ciki da kuma ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin songs.

A tsawon lokaci, da irin murya tsarin ƙwarai wadãtar. Organically lauye abubuwa na da rinjaye jama'a songs kuma dance siffofin. Wasu jinsunan gefuna da tabbaci ɓangare na baka jama'a hadisin.

The asalin gefuna

Ba kowa ya san ma'anar "baki". Fassara daga Latin - "singing". Su asalin fara tare da m al'adun Poland. Daga tsakiyar XVI karni, suka kira "kantychek". Tartsatsi a Rasha, Ukraine da Belarus, da suka samu a XVI-XVII ƙarni. Taken da aka quite bambancin. Ruhaniya Chants sun zama Popular daga cikin limaman Kirista a cikin biyu da rabi na XVII karni. Wannan "tuba" ko "edifying" Chants. Suka yi a kwantar da hankula da kuma leisurely taki. Mun yi volumetric kari kuma choral sito.

kashi song

Yana ci gaba a layi daya da piping. Wadannan songs aka nufi ga hudu, shida, takwas, goma sha biyu ko fiye da kuri'u. Adadin su ya kai ashirin da hudu da arba'in da takwas. A mafi m nau'i na sautunan tsarkakewa zama alfarma kide. Suka busa a lokacin festive da sabis na allahntaka. Godiya ga kide, wani sabon tsarin rubutu, wanda ya wanzu a wannan rana. Wannan shi ne wani biyar-line stave. Kuma idan kafin partesnogo style sun hooks, a cikin wannan lokaci akwai bukatar m rikodi na masu jituwa polyphony. Tun wannan lokacin, kowane rubutu wakiltar wani tsawo da kuma tsawon lokaci.

Partesnogo ayyukan halitta yawa composers. Duk da haka, ya fi shahara Nikolai Diletsky, Vasily Titov, Nikolai Kalashnikov, Dmitry Berezovsky da Dmitry Bortniansky.

Daga zabura ga Kant

Zabura, da bambanci ga coci zabura suka yi nufi ga m music shawara. Ba su yi sallar ayyuka, su domin ba tsananin kayyade. Sai suka sauri zo a cikin yin amfani da sun zama mashahuri a cikin XVII karni a Rasha, Belarus da kuma Ukraine. Samfurori da wannan Genre za a iya samu a cikin littafin "Menologion" Simeona Polotskogo. Music zuwa matani rubuta Vasily Titov.

Zabura - wannan sigar musamman muhimmanci mataki a cikin miƙa mulki daga wadanda mutane zuwa alfarma music. A musamman, da Genre na lyrical baki. Wani lokaci ma'anonin wadannan kalmomi ne m.

Halayyar siffofin: uku-kashi motsi, gabatar da biyu daga kashi uku ɗin babba a layi daya kuri'u, da reference bass, masu jituwa kwarangwal. Duk wannan zai kasance babban alama na Kant a cikin XVIII karni.

Biyu-kashi nau'i na zabura, an mayar da na ginin jumla da darajar da poetic rubutu. A halin da music za a iya bambanta - daga lãbãru da gunaguni da yabo da kallo.

Cants a zamanin Bitrus I

A wannan lokaci, ya zauna a wuri na musamman a kan gefuna m jigogi. Su suna dauke su wani taro m Genre, ji a kan hukuma bikin kishin soja nasarori da muhimmin taron-kore lokacin da jama'a rayuwa. Karkashin Bitrus I gina nasara baka. Wannan ya faru a Moscow, kuma daga baya a kan titunan St. Petersburg a kan lokaci lashe fadace-fadace. Nasara hadu a ƙofar mawaka tsarkakewa da kuma bukukuwan Fanfare na soja makada.

Panegyric da vivatnye gefuna

Chants kuma yi musamman halitta a cikin girmamawa ga sarki da generals. A wannan lokaci akwai irin wannan sunan Edge matsayin "laudatory" da "vivatny". A Girkanci panhgurikoz - wannan waƙar yabo, da yawa yabo. Fassara daga Latin vivat nufin "dogon live". Singing wadannan gefuna a hade tare da karatun "kalmomi na yabo", alternated da ringing na karrarawa da harbe-harben cannons, kuma aka tare da wasa da tagulla iska kida. A music wani gefe - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Chants, wanda sukan samu a cikin gida. Suka busa bayan da barka da jawabai da kuma kauri, kamar yadda maku yabo. Panegyric gefuna kunshe a cikin play makaranta sinimomi na St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow.

Halayyar fasali na Edge

Babban siffa daga cikin m bangaren shi ne wani uku-kashi gefuna da gabatar da layi daya motsi babba kuri'u biyu. Independent bass abubuwa a matsayin masu jituwa tushe. Melodic irin murya cikakken znamenny rera, kazalika da Rasha, Belarushiyanci, Polish kuma Ukrainian jama'a songs. Idan muka yi la'akari da Petrine zamanin, da music wani gefe - wannan waƙar yabon Allah, wanda aka sau da yawa amfani Fanfare irin murya, reminiscent a kara soja sakonni. Festive da kauri hali ya Chants-jubilus a kan kalmomi "Viva!", Kazalika da daidai kari na Maris. Na dogon lokaci mamaye majibincin da choral salo. Kant maye gurbin contemplative raspevnosti siffofin kawo melos a tashin, kintsattse da kuma na roba rhythms, syllabic mita.

A heyday na salo. rubucen litattafai

Zenith gefen samun zuwa tsakiyar XVIII karni. A wannan lokaci, akwai lyrical, tarihi da kuma m songs. Su kiyaye su shahararsa har farkon na XIX karni. A mafi kyau marubuta na lokaci sun marubuta daga cikin matani. Daga cikin su: MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov, VK Trediakovskii.

A marubucin na music sau da yawa aka gyarawa kawai ga kasida. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa a cikin rubutun collections (bisa al'ada) bai saka sunayen composers. Hadishi yi gefuna a kan shahara sautuka suka dogon wanzu kusan tun zuwan da music. Kant - wannan shi ne rubutun da version, kiyaye su a cikin rubutun collections. Mafi yawansu ba su ɓace, ɓata daga wanda tarin zuwa wani, da kuma Chants na da yawa gefuna kasance a hanyoyi da dama.

Kamar yadda sung Chants?

Mafi sau da yawa suna busa ba tare da m masu raka (da masu raka). Wannan aka yi a'capella. Duk da haka, duk da dogara a kan batun a samfurin. A wasu lokuta, da bass (ko da duka daftari) duplicated a kan daban-daban kida.

Wasu umarni misalai na tuba da Chants yi a kan sashin jiki. Panegyric - iska kida. Pastoral ko soyayya tare da buga garaya, harpsichord, lute, ko piano.

Tasirin almara

Comic gefuna ne mai daukan hankali misali na tasiri na almara a kan wannan sana'a salo. A manyan yawan birane jama'a songs za a iya samu a cikin rubutun collections na 60-70s na XVIII karni. Wadannan samfurori an dauke su da farko tsari na kayyade na kasa song kerawa. A kan tushen da rubutum tarin a cikin 70-80s buga tarin songs aka halicce su. A sakamakon hulda na birane jama'a songs kuma Kant gudanar da wani gagarumin canji a cikin wadannan nau'o'i. The song ne a fili bayyana stylistic siffofin: da karin waƙa tsarin, irin zane. A richness na kari da kuma siffofi, da dama batutuwa tsiwirwirinsu wani gefe. A muhimmanci da kuma tasiri na almara, kamar yadda za mu iya gani, shi ne undeniable.

Rasha Orthodox coci tsarkakewa

Tare da manufar orthodoxy aka nasaba, matuqar kammala. Wannan sabis ɗin yana dauke su mafi kyau da kuma mafi cikakken a kan ƙasa. Muryar matsayin sauti jikin mutum rai, zaba domin a ɗaukaka Allah. Orthodox tsarkakewa - wani tarin coci-liturgical songs. Su rubutu ne haskaka hymnographers, su ma raspet. Melody yana da halaye. Ya nuna da kasa hali, da tunani na al'ummai, masu rai yanayi da kuma sauran al'amurran. Game da shekara dubu da suka wuce, da kakanninmu dauki Mai Tsarki Orthodoxy na Eastern Byzantine Church. Its rubutu da aka fassara daga cikin shahararrun St. Kirill na Mefody. Karin waƙa yana yiwuwa a fassara kanta Orthodox Rus. Wannan fassarar dade na dama ƙarni, tun da shi ne ainihin wani sabon melodic harshe. Yana da aka nuna Rasha Orthodox tsarkakewa. A gaskiya, Orthodoxy kanta a lokacin da lokaci ya yi girma, ya yi girma, kuma a karshe kafa.

Saboda haka, choral music ne na dama iri, kuma ta bambanta da wasu halaye. Choral polyphony wanzu a tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance samun flowering. Basic dabaru da kuma ado ka'idojin da aka kafa Masters na Dutch makaranta da kuma mabiyan su.

A labarin da aka dauke da babban tambaya shirya kai a farkon - "wanda yake nufin wani gefen?" ta asalin, halaye da kuma iri daban-daban da aka gano. Abin lura shi ne cewa heyday na Genre faru a cikin XVIII karni, wanda aka dauke su da shekaru dalilin da fadakarwa.