Tsutsa taya Loader na tsarin aiki: saitin bayanin. Shigarwa da kuma tsutsa dawo da

Fiye da dozin sabon masu amfani na Tsarukan aiki da sauran fiye da Windows, shi mai adalci adadin shakka kuma shakka gaishe da kalmar "taya Loader" a kwanakin nan namu. Kuma akwai cikakken dalili: yawancin sababbin ta miƙa mulki ga yin amfani da wasu, ƙasa da na kowa a kasuwa na Tsarukan aiki a rayuwar yau da kullum amfani da wannan Windows. An lura cewa, mafi m Loader kuma m. Kuma ko da yake shi ne wasu har ya ƙara da saukaka ga talakawan mai amfani, amma a lokaci guda cuts da ayyuka na riga rare kuma m OS. Saboda haka, duk waɗanda suka yanke shawarar kula da sauran kayayyakin da IT-masana'antu, lalle zã zama saba da duniya Loader GRU, wanda kara muhimmanci taimaka a cikin aikin da dama tsarukan a daya kwamfuta.

Universal ga kayan aiki da ba a duniya a tsarin

Da farko, bari mu magance GNU tsutsa sunayen. Wannan raguwa daga English Grand kenan Bootloader fassara a matsayin "wani hadade babban bootloader." Its mahalicci ne ba riba kungiyar «GNU Project", wanda ya zama sananne a cikin IT-Sphere na free software. The sosai guda tsutsa inherently buga wani menu selection download OS masu amfani da bukatar daga jerin goyon Tsarukan aiki da:

• Linux.
• FreeBSD.
• Solaris.

A wannan yanayin, tsutsa iya ko yin aiki tare da Windows. Duk da haka, don gudanar da irin wannan tsarin, wanda ba su kai tsaye da goyan bayan da data na taya Loader, na da musamman nuances cewa za mu bincika baya a daki-daki, kuma daki-daki.

The hanyar fasahar ci gaba

Tsutsa steadily girma shahararsa shi ne muhimmi dalili, wanda Firaministan mari, don ci gaba da inganta Loader a nan gaba. The sosai farko version na Loader, kira a matsayin tsutsa Legacy, har yanzu copes da ayyuka na hadade bootloader for UNIX-kamar tsarin. Broad goyon baya ga tsanani kamfanonin (kamar RedHat da Novell) da kuma uwar garke rabawa ba shi karin jinkiri na zama a matsayin dukan.

Duk da haka, ko da wannan al'amari gaba daya yana da wani tasiri a kan m kyautata na bootloader, don haka masu amfani sami latest a wannan lokaci na lokaci version of tsutsa 2. Yin sake rubutawa tare da tsabta Lines, da tsutsa 2 wuya yana da ba mu da wani abu a na kowa da wasiyya tsutsa Legacy, sai dai da sunan . Yau, a matsayin tsoho version of Ubuntu 9.10 tsarin aiki, da tsutsa biyu bita godiya ta zuwa ga mafi m da kuma iko tsarin gaba daya tsaya wani kara ci gaban da riga sosai tabbatar a baya Legacy.

Duk da haka, daga farkon zuwa mafari kamata su sani cewa tsutsa 2 - mafi wuya ga aiki, idan aka kwatanta da baya version, taya Loader. Saboda haka, domin a kare masu amfani da yiwu matsaloli da kuma matsaloli za su ci gaba da zama mai sauki da kuma cikakken duk lafiya da cikakken bayani, da fahimtar wanda za yi amfani da duk sababbin abubuwa na latest version, da kuma quite mai yawa daga gare su:

• Scripting support (hawan keke, yanayi canji, kuma ayyuka).
• A zana ke dubawa ƙara da sassauci don canja bayyanar da Loader don dacewa mutum mai amfani dandani (tsutsa 2 za a iya sauƙi canza daga baki da fari na tebur da mai salo Multi masu launin akwatin).
• Yiwuwar tsauri podgruzki kayayyaki. Wannan zai ba da damar fadada da ayyuka ba a taro mataki, amma kai tsaye a Runtime.
• Karfinsu da daban-daban fannonin tsarin gine-gine.
• Kara goyon baya ga loading Mac OS.
• Kara barga aiki tare da wannan fayil da tsarin kamar yadda: FAT16, FAT32, NTFS, wani version EXT, XFS da ISO
• Cross-dandamali irin shigarwa zai sa shi yiwuwa a kafa GRUB2 tare da wani daban-daban gine
• A gabatarwar da yanayin kariya a hali na matsala yanayi.
• Kafaffen kwari daga haihuwa tsutsa Legacy, wanda asali ba za a iya gyarawa don baya karfinsu.

Lura cewa m karkashin tsutsa kira domin saukaka za a zaci tsutsa 2 version, wanda muka rufe a cike ga kowane saba amfani.

Kowa da kowa ya ji game da LILO?

Hakika, ba kawai guda GRUB'om iyakance mai amfani zabi tsakanin OS Radlader. A irin wannan misalin ne LILO - da bootloader da Linux (da Linux Loader), wanda shi ne har yanzu ba gaba daya hasarar da dacewar. Amma duk da haka a cikin ni'imar tsutsa kamata la'akari da 'yan rarrabe siffofin da cewa a kai tsaye gasa tukuna shakka ba zai iya gadara:

• LILO goyon bayan loading jeri kawai 16 a lokacin da tsutsa yana da goyon bayan wani Unlimited yawan configs.
• Tsutsa za a iya sauke a kan na gida cibiyar sadarwa ba za a iya ce game da LILO.
• A karshe, LILO ba shi da umurnin da m dubawa, wanda ya dade da aka saba zuwa saukaka amfani da latest version of tsutsa.

The kawai kowa alama na biyu da Loader ne a bukata kowane lokaci zuwa tara duk canje-canje sanya a cikin menu. atomatik Ajiye aiki ya dade da aka rasa a cikin kamfanoni Loader Linux. Tsutsa 2 kuma ba zai iya gadara da irin wannan fasalin mai amfani. Amma ko da shan la'akari da wannan m ga amfanin yau da kullum nuance, da LILO a kan da dama da maki hasarar da gasa, saboda haka ya samun kuma mafi tartsatsi tsakanin gida masu amfani da kwamfuta.

Girkawa tsutsa: duk da nuances da cikakken bayani game da aiwatar

Daga farkon, tabbatar da cewa kana da wani sa na Ubuntu, ko yana ta taya faifai (LiveCD). Fara da tsarin, kana bukatar ka kira m keyboard gajerar Ctrl + Alt + F2, sa'an nan rajistar shi a cikin wadannan dokokin:

- sudo ƙara-dace-mangaza ppa: cjwatson / tsutsa,

- sudo ƙara-samun update && sudo ƙara-samun shigar grub2,

- sudo karshe-grub2.

Kuma ko da idan ba ka shigar Ubuntu, amma akwai wani LiveCD, da hanya ya kasance iri guda tare da daya kawai kankanin bambanci. Bayan booting daga cewa taya faifai, zaɓi "Gwada Ubuntu" - don haka ku gudu da tsarin ba tare da wani canje-canje a kan kwamfutarka. Sa'an nan ta ci gaba da shigar da tsutsa Loader a cikin wannan hanya tare da m lokaci na kira.

Duba shigar version na bootloader iya tsutsa-shigar -v umurninSa, kazalika kai tsaye tare da mafi sauke Ubuntu.

Tsutsa fara jerin

Kamar yadda na ƙarshe na taya Loader tsutsa Shigar da farko ya musanya MBR code a kan kansa. MBR - a kansu dauke da master taya rikodin (daga Turanci. Don Jagora Jagora da Boot da Record), dauke da a kanta:

• primary taya code (446 bytes).
• bangare tebur kwatanta biyu firamare da sakandare bangare na rumbunka (64 bytes).

Saboda karamin girma na MBR kansu, fara tsutsa daidai a cikin biyu matukar bulan:

1. A MBR located tunani da sanyi fayil (wanda zai iya zama a cikin ko dai da rumbun kwamfutarka, a hankali na mai amfani). Yana da ga ta kuma za a ƙaddara da duk na taya lokaci, farko a mataki na biyu.
2. Su sanyi fayil hada da duk sanyi da kuma data zama dole domin tsutsa. Idan mataki na biyu na sanyi fayil aka iske ba, taya tsari za a kare da kuma mai amfani da riga da hannu zaɓi mai taya sanyi daga umurnin line.

Irin wannan tsarin damar da kaya ya zama mafi yadu tsutsa configurable da kuma m fiye da wasu analogs, a cikin abin da aka aiwatar Sauki zuwa iyakar Compactness.

Da aka fi amfani wasan bidiyo dokokin

Babba dama daga aiki sarari a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo yanayin, da latest version na GNU tsutsa, saitin da kuma sanyi damar da zai gamsar da masu amfani. Domin samun to shi, kawai latsa "C" key yayin da nuna taya menu, sa'an nan za su kawai da hakkin ya shiga cikin dokokin ka:

dokokin	description	MISALI shigar a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo
LS	Universal ya umurta don aiki tare da lists wuya tafiyarwa da partitions. Yana za a iya amfani da su nuna abinda ke ciki na babban fayil.	LS / taya / tsutsa
	Its amfani zai ba da cikakken bayanin da cikakken wani sashe. A wannan yanayin, da fayil tsarin irin za a jera a kan shi, alama shi, da UUID, da kuma ranar karshe canji.	LS (hd *, *) * * - faifai lambar da bangare lamba a kan shi daidai da
cat	Nuna bayanai game da abinda ke ciki na wani kayyade fayil.	cat / hanyar / filename
Linux	Analogue tsutsa kwaya-tawagar na kyau da haihuwa version of Legacy, wanda damar download da kayyade Linux da kwaya.	Linux fayl_yadra option1 = darajar option2 OPTION3
chainloader	Canja wuri da iko zuwa wani taya Loader a kan sarkar. A Loader za a bincike kawai a cikin sashe, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin tushen (mana, tare da wani takamaiman executable fayil).	chainloader / hanyar / filename
tushen	Lokacin da yin amfani da umurnin ba tare da wani sigogi da mai amfani da za su samu bayanai game da tushen-sashe, kazalika a kan shi da fayil tsarin irin.	tushen
	Kadan na kowa (saboda yiwuwar ba daidai ba aiki) da ake amfani da su canja wurin zuwa wani tushen sashe.	tushen (hd *, *) * * - faifai lambar da bangare lamba a kan shi daidai da
sa	Mafi sau da yawa saboda ta zaman lafiya da kuma yi amfani da su override tushen-bangare a kan faifai.	kafa tushen = (hd *, *) * * - faifai lambar da bangare lamba a kan shi daidai da
search	Forum Search Team UUID, lakabin ko ta musamman kayyade fayil. Wadannan keys ana amfani da su ayyana search sigogi: u (ko --fs-uuid) - bincika a babi a kan UUID. l (ko --label) - search for tag sashe. f (ko --file) - search for wani takamaiman fayil. n (ko --no-floppy) - skipping lokacin da tafi da floppy drive. s (ko --set) - iske kafa sashe a matsayin darajar da ba m. A tawagar za ta zo a cikin m idan ƙidãyar woje da partitions "tashi", saboda abin da tawagar kafa tushen ko gubar ga babu inda, ko a ba daidai ba sashe na ba daidai ba faifai.	bincika -u uuid_nuzhnogo_razdela bincika -L sashe lamba search -F / hanyar / filename
lsfonts	Nuna a jerin lodi fonts a wannan lokacin.	lsfonts
taimaka	Amfani da su nuna dukan jerin samuwa wasan bidiyo dokokin.	taimaka
	Ko don nuna dokokin da cewa za a fara da wasu hade da alamomin.	taimako s - nuni taimako ga dukan dokokin da suka fara da s. taimaka kafa - Nuni taimaka a kan sa umurninSa.
terminal_output.console	Sauya sheka zuwa baki-da-fari nuni launi gamut.	terminal_output.console
background_image	Canja bango image a real lokaci. Kawai yana taimaka a zabin da wannan zabin font zane, sabõda haka, sũ a bayyane a cikin ba bango. Lura: umurnin bai canza rajista saituna - Hoton zauna a cikin bango kawai a halin yanzu zaman har na gaba kashewa.	background_image / hanyar / filename
taya	Taya da kwamfuta.	taya
sake yi	Sake yi da kwamfuta.	sake yi
dakatar	Rufe da kwamfuta.	dakatar

Postinstallation tsutsa: saitin da kuma amfani a cikin software

Babban sanyi fayil a GRUB2, sabanin baya version na Legacy, ba /boot/grub/menu.lst, da kuma riga /boot/grub/grub.cfg. Duk da haka, kai tsaye gyara shi m - shi zai samar da kowane canji ajiye a cikin saituna fayil / sauransu / default / tsutsa da rubutun directory /etc/grub.d.

The / sauransu / default / tsutsa sanyi m iyakance sake download misali nufi da / ko lokaci nuni menu:

• A farkon sakin layi na canje-canje alhakin GRUB_DEFAULT siga wanda darajar aka nuna ta abu da lambar a cikin taya menu. Zabar wani abu, mai amfani dole san prioritization na janar jerin (kana bukatar ka duba abinda ke ciki na /boot/grub/grub.cfg kuma sami ake so abu a kan lissafi). Kada mu manta da lambobi sharudda: batu na farko da ake sa wani darajar 0, na biyu - 1, da uku - 2 da sauransu.
• A lokacin taya menu nuni da bata lokaci yayi dace GRUB_TIMEOUT siga wanda darajar sanya a zance alamomi na nuna yawan seconds a lokacin da wannan hoton ya bayyana. The tace wannan siga ne daya tricky alama: tunzura wani darajar "-1", da fuskar zai rataya daidai, muddin mai amfani ance wani abu.

A sa na rubutun a /etc/grub.d suna dukan shigar a kwamfutarka tsarin da tsakiya, kafa taya menu a grub.cfg. Search for tsakiya da kuma sauran aiki tsarin, bi da bi hadu biyu na asali: 10_linux da 30_os-prober. 40_custom fayil ba ka damar canza tsutsa ta ƙara naka kaya maki, wanda ke da amfani don aiki tare da musamman iri tsarin fara-up (lura cewa ga wani canje-canje da shi ya kawo karshen tare da m line, ko na karshe batu na loading duk banal shawara ba za a nuna).

Duk da haka, ko da wani sauki hanya don shirya tsutsa a Ubuntu tsarin - mai amfani tsutsa-Customizer. Saboda da sauki, kuma da ilhama ke dubawa, shi ne mafi wani zaɓi don saita taya Loader ne mafi dace da saba musamman sababbin. Don shigar da gudu cikin m (Ctrl + Alt T), sa'an nan daya bayan daya, shigar da shi a cikin wadannan dokokin:

- sudo ƙara-dace-mangaza ppa: danielrichter2007 / tsutsa-customizer,

- sudo ƙara-samun update,

- sudo add-samun shigar tsutsa-customizer.

Kuma ko tsutsa-Customizer shirin translation bar yawa ya zama mafi kyau yi, to fahimta sosai sauƙi a cikinsa:

• List sanyi - menu saituna lokacin da ka tsarin. Akwai ne da za'ayi da canji prioritization na abubuwa.
• Basic saituna - tsarin ɗora Kwatancen da tsoho, kazalika da definition na jiran aiki lokaci.
• Bayyanar - Editing waje zane taya menu.

Bugu da kari ga duk saituna canza, mai amfani kamata shakka kula da kyau-tabbatar da software don amfani da tsutsa, wanda za a kafa-up da bincikowa da yafi dadi:

• Super tsutsa Disk - mai sauki da kuma dace kayan aiki da sauri warke kora. A lokaci guda iya aiki ba kawai tare da tsutsa da LILO, amma ko da tare da Windows. Runs daga CD, flash drive ko floppy faifai.
• GParted - bangare edita faifai partitions, gudu kai tsaye daga CD. Tare da taimakon shi ne mai yiwuwa a gudanar da irin wadannan ayyuka a partitions da filesystems a kan su, kamar: halitta, shafewa, canji size, rajistan shiga, motsi da kuma kwashe shi.
• SystemRescueCD - Linux distro musamman tsara ga bala'i dawo.
• TestDisk - wani mai amfani da damar ka ka gane asali da kuma gyara kamar yadda raba partitions ko taya faifai gaba ɗaya.

Kamar yadda Loader jimre OS Windows?

Kai tsaye, da rashin alheri, da tsutsa ba load da Windows x86 (64bit-version ne ba togiya), saboda abin da yake wajibi ne don haifar da ya dace sarkar inji fara. Don yin wannan, kana bukatar ka ƙara 'yan Lines na wasu dokokin da a cikin sanyi fayil grub.cfg:

- suna Windows,

- rootnoverify (hd *, *),

- makeactive,

- chainloader +1,

- kora.

Misali da cikakken bayanin irin karshen da ya shigo aka bai wa a Table wasan bidiyo dokokin. Yanzu zo da mafi m hali inda shi da amfani don amfani. Duk da haka, har yana da wani biyu na daidai da muhimmanci ga load da Windows umurnin m:

• rootnoverify (hd *, *) - wannan analogue sa tushen. Yana sanar tsutsa game da wurin da wannan sashe, wanda shi ne na gaba ɓangare na taya code, amma kada ka Dutsen shi (ga hujjõji dalilin cewa ba shi yiwuwa ga tsutsa). Don Allah a sake lura cewa part (hd *, *) - yana da faifai da lambar, da kuma bangare yawan daidai da ranar da za a kafa Windows.
• makeactive - tawagar bayar da kayyade tushen bangare taya matsayi.

Yanzu, cewa wannan umurnin chainloader +1, wanda watsa duk kara iko da download kai tsaye kora Windows.

A karshe, karshe tawagar aiwatar da loading taya farko, bayan da za ka iya yi aiki zare jiki a zabi tsarin aiki.

Sai ya faru don haka da cewa da wuya faifai da aka shigar ba daya amma biyu ko fiye versions na Windows. Kuma a sa'an nan gudanar da wani barga farawa ba tare da wani ƙarin dokokin to boye / show (Ɓoye / Unhide) bangare ne kawai mara kyau. A kasa line ne da cewa, idan a cikin tsutsa sanyi fayil aka rubuta ɓõye wa Allah wani drive bangare, Windows ba zai iya corny don karanta shi. Kuma idan bayyane sashe, to, zai iya kora bi da bi.

Idan akwai mahara Tsarukan aiki, da farko sanin abin da daidai da kake son download wani kwafin, sa'an nan kuma duba ta exact location - bukatar san abin da aka shigar a kan rumbunka bangare. Alal misali, akwai biyu daban-daban versions na Windows, located bi da bi a farko da na biyu sassan na drive, da kuma mai amfani da bukatar ya sauke shi a karo na biyu. Don wannan karshen, da wadannan canje-canje ya kamata na yi da menu.lst fayil:

- suna Windows,

- fãta (hd0,0),

- Unhide (hd0,1),

- rootnoverify (hd0,1),

- makeactive,

- chainloader +1,

- kora.

A kwatanta da baya code samfurin ɓõyẽwa ne kuma Unhide dokokin da aka kara, da abin da mai amfani iya sauke da ake so tsarin aiki daga kayyade rumbunka bangare.

Reinstalling tsutsa a cikin hali na munanan al'amurran da suka

Ko da a cikin hali na fasaha matsaloli don mayar da tsutsa gaba daya sauki aiki. Don fara sauke da kafuwa LiveCD, bude wani m keyboard gajerar CTRL + Alt + T.

Bayan wannan, bi da bi, shigar da umurnin:

• sudo tsutsa-shigar / dev / sda - installing tsutsa kai tsaye MBR (sda - taya faifai).
• sudo karshe-tsutsa - domin bincika sauran taya records a kan rumbunka (misali, Windows).

Yanzu ta zauna ita kaɗai to zata sake farawa da kwamfuta da kuma ganin idan da wasan kwaikwayon Re-Loader.

Tambayar da kariya da sake kunnawa madauki

Bukatar irin wannan hadedde cikin tsutsa taya Loader kariya tsarin faruwa a lokacin da log fayiloli dake a cikin directory / var / shiga, saboda da uncontrolled shigarwa na bayanai a su su girma kundin hanawar. A wani al'ada aiki tsarin samar na musamman da sabis, archives da kuma wanke sama rajistan ayyukan ta atomatik. Saboda haka, a mafi yawan lokuta mai amfani shi ne babu albarkacin bukatar kashe lokaci iko da ƙarfi.

Duk da haka, wadannan ayyuka ana fara kawai bayan da tsarin aiki da aka yi wa lodi. Kafin wannan, da log fayil masu girma dabam ne babu albarkacin duba, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa a cikin hali na mai haɗari fall da tsarin da m sake yi rajistan ayyukan za su kawai girma a girma. Kuma cewa su uncontrolled girma zai ci gaba ne kawai idan dai karshe sake kunnawa saboda wani rashin cin nasara a cikin tsarin. Daga bisani, duk wannan zai iya kai ga cikakken cika da bangare a kan abin da shugabanci / var / log, wanda shi ne fraught tare da rataya m tsarin, har ma wani rashin iyawa don fara dawo da yanayin.

Shi ne daga wannan halin da ake ciki catastrophic da kuma ceton da tsutsa hadedde kariya tsarin reboots cyclic, yã "kyawu" tsutsa menu, da mai amfani da bukata da wani bayyane baki. Ta mayar da hankali a kan kariya daga darajar recordfail, wajabta a /boot/grub/grub.cfg rubutun. A lokacin kowane kaya da aka saita a matsayin recordfail = 1, kuma a karshe mataki ne sake saiti zuwa kora recordfail = 0. Kuma idan shi ne irin wannan taimako ba ya faru, na atomatik loading gaba daya kauce masa da aka kunna ta sosai tsutsa kariya.

A saboda wannan dalili, / sauransu / defaul / tsutsa m GRUB_RECORDFAIL_TIMEOUT sami da kuma sanya da darajar da yawan seconds a lokacin da tsutsa menu zai jira mai amfani da baki a cikin rashi na sake saiti recordfail daga 1 zuwa 0. Bayan da cewa riƙe canje-canje sudo karshe-tsutsa umurnin, game da shi a kashe da kariya daga looping sake yi.

Don wannan zai iya zama da amfani? Kawai don workstations da sabobin cewa ba su da wani keyboard ga shigar-fitarwa bayanai. Ba tare da shi, a cikin hali na irin wannan matsaloli, da tsarin kaya ne kullum ba zai yiwu. Cases madauki kaya ba haka ba ne na kowa da faruwa da mafi yawa ko dai saboda ikon da matsaloli, ko dai saboda matsaloli a cikin software.

Uninstalling tsutsa da kuma koma Windows: sauri, kawai kuma painlessly

Idan tambaya taso, "Yadda za a cire tsutsa Loader da kuma barin wani tsarin aiki?", The abu na farko da wani mai amfani da bukatar ta shigarwa faifai / flash drive. Bari mu bincika kome a cikin wani musamman sauki misali: mai amfani share daga Linux akwatin, da barin a karshen daya kawai Windows, amma a lokaci guda ba za a iya sauke saboda wani kuskure tsutsa kuskure. Ga cikakken bayani da matsalar wajibi ne a mayar da taya Loader Windows x86 / 64 bit:

1. Boot daga shigarwa drive, pre-gitta su a kanta a farko taya fifiko a cikin BIOS
2. Booting daga shigarwa kafofin watsa labarai, zaɓi bangare dawo da tsarin.
3. Daga cikin nuna jerin kayan mu zabi umurnin line, bi da bi rubũta da wadannan dokokin:

• BOOTREC.EXE / FixBoot.
• BOOTREC.EXE / FixMbr.

Saboda haka yadda za a cire tsutsa iya zama da dama ayyuka, bayan duk ayyukan da za'ayi nasarar zata sake farawa kwamfutarka, kuma babu matsaloli da aka aiki a cikin Windows-tsarin.