Monument Lermontov a Pyatigorsk. Museum-Reserve Lermontov a Pyatigorsk

A farko tunawa Mihailu Lermontovu da aka kafa a Pyatigorsk, kusa da tabo inda ya rasu. don haka jiki da lokaci da dadewa aka reburied daga Pyatigorsk, amma cikin birnin, inda ya shafe na karshe watanni ransa, da haifuwa daga karshe waqe, kuwa ba a banza lashe farko Lermontov abin tunawa a Rasha.

"Na yi farin ciki tare da ku, kankara daga duwãtsu"

Lermontov selflessly ƙaunar da duwãtsu, ƙaunar Caucasus. Tun wadannan shekaru a lokacin da na kaka Elizaveta Alekseevna Arseneva ya sosai matasa kuma kawo a cikin ruwan zafi, kamar yadda da zarar ya kira Pyatigorsk. Mutane da yawa Lines daga cikin ayyukansa ne duqufar da Caucasus, da kyau na da yanayi. Zai yiwu shi ya sa da soyayya ana riskarsa da mu kamar yadda ban tausayi. Ga Lermontov fated zo bayan na farko gudun hijira a Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon rajimanti na m waka "A mutuwar mawãƙi," sa'an nan shi zo nan ga dukan bazara ka huta. Kuma me ya sa ya bai kõma ba.

Wannan gidan Lermontov a Pyatigorsk, wanda ya dauki daga Major Vasiliya Ivanovicha Chilaeva, har yanzu tsaye a yau. Yanzu a cikin shi mawãƙi ta gidan kayan gargajiya. A abin tunawa, wanda shi ne na farko, Lermontov immortalized a cikin dutse, ya kafa a garin square, wanda aka kafa musamman kafin bude. Bãya gare shi - gindin Dutsen Mashuk, inda Yuli 27, 1841 a wani duel ƙare da rai na mawãƙi ne. Idanunsa ne a kan saman Elbrus, da majestic kololuwa haka ƙaunataccen mawãƙi na Caucasus Mountains. Monument Lermontov a Pyatigorsk, wanda zai ɗauke hoto tare da kowane yawon shakatawa da suka ziyarci birnin - wata alama ce sannan soyayya ga mawãƙi haskaka zukatan lokaci.

By da talatin ranar tunawa da mawãƙi ta mutuwa

Labarin duel Lermontov da sunan kisa sani kusan duk abin da a zamani Rasha. Wannan aka gaya a makaranta, a aji na 'yan qasar magana, shi aka rubuta a cikin litattafan. Kuma da sunayen wadanda suka qaddamar da shigarwa na farko tunawa da shi, wanda Ya halitta shi, da aka sani da mafi yawa masu sana'a marubuta.

Ba ma mutane da yawa sun soma aiwatar da kafuwa, su sunayen sun kasance wuya a tuna. A shekara ta 1870, da mawãƙi Peter Kuzmich Martianov aka buga a mujallar "World Aiki" da wadannan Lines: "St. Petersburg da kuma Kronstadt sa Monuments Kruzenshtern da Bellingsgauzenu, Kiev - Bogdanu Hmelnitskomu da Count Bobrinsky, Smolensk - Glinka, me ya sa Pyatigorsk, tare da dubban baƙi zuwa ruwan, ba dauki himma a yi na tunawa M. Yu. Lermontovu? "babban dan haya a lokacin da Caucasian Mineral Waters Andrew Matveyevich Bajkov goyi bayan ra'ayin Martyanova. A initiators na kungiyar da aka jera a wani sunan - Aleksandr Andreevich Vitman, wani likita da kuma kotun da shawara Pyatigorsk. Bikes da Whitman nema da taimako na Baron A. P. Nikolai, wanda shi ne a wancan lokacin Cif na Caucasian gwamnan - Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov. Saboda haka a shekara daga baya, ta hanyar da yawa hannaye, da himma don kafa da wani abin tunawa ga Lermontov a Pyatigorsk samu Tsar Alexander II. Mafi nesan izni ga taron da aka samu Yuli 23, 1871, kusan a ranar talatin ranar tunawa da mawãƙi ta mutuwa.

Dubu rubles dinari

A mayar da martani, sarki yana kuma rubuta sa'an nan, a kan abin da nufin za a gina tunawa. Yana za sanar da "... bude tartsatsi a cikin Empire biyan kuði tara kyaututtuka ga wannan abin tunawa." Yana da aka nan da nan ya kafa wani kwamitin da zai tãyar da kudi, da kuma ma'aikatar kudi fara rajistar gudummawa.

A farko biya kashi-kashi da aka samu daga biyu ba a sani ba manoma na Taurian lardin. Ya kasance biyu rubles. Amma nan da nan ya fara tara gudunmuwa daga ko'ina. Wasu adadi kunshe a cikin labarin. Alal misali, a duba don dubu rubles - kudi mai yawa a cikin wadannan shekaru - aiko Prince Alexander Illarionovich Vasilchikov tsohon Lermontov ta biyu a wannan mai banrazana duel. Fedor Mihaylovich Dostoevsky biya a adadin daya dinari daga wasu hukuma Mishchenko ya haka outraged cewa ko da ya bayyana wannan ya faru kamar yadda wani gargadi ga nan gaba. Kuma da gaskiya cewa talakawa baƙauye Ivan Andreichev kara da cewa wannan taimako ga ruble, suna kuma da aka bayyana.

A kawai shekaru 18, a lokacin da ya karbi kudi ga abin tunawa ga Lermontov a Pyatigorsk da aka tattara 53 dubu 398 rubles da kuma 46 kopecks.

Gasar domin mafi kyau aikin

By 1881 da tattara kudi ne ishe ku ci gaba da aikin na nan gaba abin tunawa. Kwamitin installing shi ga gaci birnin Pyatigorsk a matsayin wani wuri na dindindin mazaunin abin tunawa, ko da yake wasu 'yan kwamitin tsara shirin kafa shi a daya daga cikin biyu dajiya, ambatawa da cewa "Lermontov nasa ne da dukan Rasha", da kuma maimakon miƙa bude wani gidan kayan gargajiya na Lermontov a Pyatigorsk.

A total na uku akai-akai na selection na mafi kyau aikin na tunawa. Ba na farko kuma na biyu akai-akai, da kuma su aka aika zuwa fiye da 120 bada shawarwari, sun ba a saukar da musamman zane, wanda zai yarda da dukan hukumar. Sakamako na zagaye na uku da aka sanar Oktoba 30, 1883. Yana aiko da ayyukan] 15 contenders, daga cikinsu yawan 14 da aka jera zane na gaba tunawa. Ya shiga cikin shahararrun a lokacin da sculptor Aleksandra Mihaylovicha Opekushina, halitta uku shekaru a baya abin tunawa ga Alexander Pushkin, wanda ya kafa a kan Tverskoy babban titi a Moscow. Monument Lermontov a Pyatigorsk, wanda ya miƙa zuwa kafa Opekushin, shi ne mai sauki qagaggun hada da kawai 'yan qananan cikakken bayani, amma marubucin niyyar ya nuna wani gajeren amma m rai na mawãƙi ne. Kuma da ra'ayin na hukumar 'yan aka soma.

A hoto da kuma wani zane

Oddly isa, amma a cimma wata tagulla misãlin mawãƙi da fuskarsa juya ta zama ba haka ba ne sauki a rayuwa. Mutuwa mask saboda wasu dalilai ya ba an cire daga Lermontov. A karkashin wani samfurin na da bayyanar Opekushininu bayar da kai-hoto na mawãƙi, rubuta ta da shi a cikin watercolor for shekaru hudu a gabãnin mutuwarsa, kuma wa-fensir zane na Lermontov, Baron D. P. Palena, fentin a 1840, a cikin abin da mawãƙi aka nuna a cikin profile.

Babban aiki yi Aleksandr Mihaylovich Opekushin. Monument Lermontov a Pyatigorsk baya gane a matsayin mafi m cikin sharuddan kama da mawãƙi ne. Kuma shi ya ba abin mamaki ba, kamar yadda da sculptor Ya halitta yawa zane Lermontov, kafin bada su kwatanta rai mawãƙi abokai, cikinsu da na biyu Vasilchikov. Rubuta fitar da fuska fasali a kan zabi masana zane kai tsaye karkashin jagorancin Aleksandra Illarionovicha, kafin aka amince da karshe version na tunawa. Marubucin zai ba kawai ba mutum-mutumi mai hoto kama, amma kuma don ƙirƙirar sosai m ayyukan art, cancanta ga mawãƙi ne.

Daga Crimea da kuma St. Petersburg - Pyatigorsk

A sakamakon haka, marubucin na tunawa zuwa Lermontov a Pyatigorsk ba kawai halitta sosai mutum-mutumi na mawãƙi, amma kuma ba da shawara cewa a karkashin ta pedestal zane. Bright dutse slab da za a dage farawa daga cikin wani nau'i na alfarma da dutse a kan wanda, baya daga da garaya, da wani Laurel wreath da wani alkalami, babu karin ornamentation. Duk abubuwan da, amma kowanne daga cikin aka gyara ya kai mai zurfi m ma'anar.

A St. Petersburg, a cikin tagulla simintin factory "A Moran" da aka jefa a tagulla mutum-mutumi kanta (tsawo na mita 2 35 santimita) da kuma bayani na pedestal kayan ado. Sa'an nan da sassaka, yayin da a Pyatigorsk gaggawa shirya Square da kuma saka da podium, sa sama da babban birnin kasar domin jama'a Viewing.

Domin pedestal musamman daga Crimea aka kawo haske dutse boulders - a total na takwas raka'a. A wuri domin tunawa da sculptor kansa ya zaɓi dogon kafin ta kafuwa. Wannan yarda organically danganta da mutum-mutumi na mawãƙi da kewaye shakatawa yankin. A cikin zane erecting a pedestal ta gida sana'a. Shigarwa na tagulla sassaka na mawãƙi, wanda a Pyatigorsk farko tsĩrar da dogo, sa'an nan a kuraye, da ya jagoranci Opekushin, ya taimake shi ya kawo daga master na babban birnin kasar. A duka tsawo daga cikin abin tunawa bayan da kafuwa aka 5 mita 65 santimita.

Wreaths da jawabai a gindin Mashuk

Da farko, da bude daga cikin tunawa da aka shirya domin Oktoba 1889. Amma Aleksandr Mihaylovich Opekushin iya ba zo a watan Oktoba a Pyatigorsk, kuma mutane da yawa baƙi Waters zai zama ba a wannan gagarumin taron, sabili da haka da kwanan wata na bude na tunawa aka koma zuwa Lahadi 16 ga watan Agusta.

Bayan Opekushin zuwa da kaina ga yadda zai zama wani abin tunawa ga Lermontov a Pyatigorsk, bikin zo kusan duk 'yan kwamitin domin ta shigarwa, da gida nobility, shugabannin Office of Ruwa, jami'an garin, mazauna garin na unguwannin da kuma makõma baƙi. Yana da aka karanta wani rahoto a kan tarin da kuma bayar da kudi, bayan da wani abin tunawa da kuma kawar da dusar ƙanƙara-fari, kamar yadda saman Elbrus, da shãmaki.

Wreaths na furanni, da azurfa, karfe sa a ƙafa na mawãƙi ne. Akwai muhimmin jawabai game da muhimmancin da m al'adunmu na mawãƙi ga Rasha mutane, cikin watan Maris "Lermontov", rubuta VI Saul, da waka "Kafin tunawa zuwa M. Yu. Lermontova", karanta marubucin Kostoy Hetagurovym. Yana da aka buga a karamin "A tunawa zuwa Lermontov", rubuta da Mr. Schmidt.

Kadai Andrei Matveevich Baykova ya daga halartattu ba. A wannan lokaci ya tsanani da rashin lafiya, ya kasance a kan mafaka Merano, a Austria, inda ya rasu a watan bayan da bude daga cikin abin tunawa.

A farko, kuma mafi kyau a yau

The tagulla Lermontov, wanda tattara kudi a duniya, ba kawai ya zama na farko tunawa gina zuwa mawãƙi, amma kuma mafi kyau ga dukkan data kasance a yau. An dauke da art masana tarihi, masana tarihi, marubuta da aka bayyana na dogon lokaci. Nawa aka gina bayan sabon Monuments, amma shi ya kasance iri guda: mafi kyau abin tunawa ga Lermontov - Pyatigorsk. Hoto da shi, tare da images of abin da aka shigar a kan Tverskaya Pushkin, - kusan duk kundayen. A ƙafa na mawãƙi a gaban pedestal da biyu inscriptions. a saman "M. Lermontov ", dan kadan a kasa -" 16 Agusta 1889 ".

Bronze fuska kamar Lermontov watsa poetic Lines, wanda shi ne game da su zuba fitar a kan takarda, don haka shi alama wani hurarrun magana. Amma da alƙalami ne Hurumi, da littafin fadi daga hannun mawãƙi, da kuma idanunsa ne a kan snow-rufe Dutsen Elbrus. Baya da baya - Mashuk. Ko wadannan abubuwa kawo a sama ma'anar: a baya da suka wuce gaba - an abada. Kamar wancan ne karara mai girma Rasha mawãƙi Lermontov a Pyatigorsk. Photo na tunawa a kan bango na m Mountain ga mutane da yawa yawon bude ido fiye da images of kyau kololuwa na Caucasus Mountains.

House a karkashin wani thatched rufin

A May 1841, so da suke ciyarwa a 'yan watanni a ka fi so Pyatigorsk, Lermontov zo da Caucasus. Na sanadin tuntuɓe, a kan wani mai sauki, amma fairly da kyau kiyaye gidan, ya rufe tare da kyauro, a kan Huduba a kan titi, a kan karkata birnin. Tare da wani gida mai shi, mai ritaya, Manjo-Platz VI Chilaev gudanar ya zo yarjejeniya da 100 azurfa rubles - quite wani babba Naira Miliyan Xari, amma shi ne a yarda hayan gidan ga bazara. A cikin irin wannan qasaita ya sau daya "zaunar" ya Pechorin, wannan gidan shi ne na karshe a duniya mazaunin mawãƙi ne.

Bayan wani m duel, tun kafin ginin zai zama wani gidan-gidan kayan gargajiya na Lermontov a Pyatigorsk kula kadan game da wannan gidan. Sau da yawa canza masu, babu wani daga cikinsu ya bi tsari, tsarin hankali fara samun koma baya. Abu na farko da ya yi da yan unguwa, a lokacin da barazana da rushewar ya zama quite shakka - kerarre kuma a haɗe zuwa bango tunawa marmara slab, wanda rataye ga wannan rana. Yana kawai 'yan kalmomi: "Dom, zuwa gare kotorom zhil mawãƙi M. Yu Lermontov". Kawai a 1922, jama'a da ilimi Pyatigorsk sashen bayar da dama na ikon mallakar gidan. A lokacin shekara, shi zai kai ga ta dace irin na gidan kayan gargajiya.

A yau shi ne kusan kadai suka rage m tunawa dangantawa da Lermontov. A nan, ba wai kawai cikin gidan, amma duk da gidaje a cikin unguwa ne hanyar kasance a 1841 - na musamman da harka.

Daga Pyatigorsk da iyali hurumi crypt a Tarkhany

A nan, a cikin gidan karkashin wani thatched rufin, da kuma kawo a kan wani ruwa Talata 27 Yuli gawarta mawãƙi bayan da duel, Saboda haka shi aka za'ayi a karshen, kamar yadda ba su yi ĩmãni da hanya zuwa hurumi Pyatigorsk.

Kawo up Mihaila Lermontova kaka, Elizaveta Alekseevna Arseneva, watanni takwas bayan mutuwar jikansa ya procured da dama ga reburial na mawãƙi da kuma hawa jiki zuwa iyali Estate Tarkhany Penza lardin, inda iyali vault ya ɗibiya uwarsa da kakan. Amma Lermontov gidan kayan gargajiya a Pyatigorsk kara sirri mallakarmu duka daga cikin mawãƙi, wanda bayar da uku sau cire 'yar da Mikhail Yurevich - Eugene Akimovna Shang Giray.

A reburial ya faru a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1842. Kuma a kan na farko kabarin Lermontov a Pyatigorsk hurumi aka shigar da wani abin tunawa plaque, wanda, kamar tunawa da gidan a karkashin wani thatched rufin, zo da yawa magoya aikinsa.

Favorite wurin Lermontov a Pyatigorsk

Ba wai kawai cikin birnin shakatawa, da gidan kayan gargajiya hadaddun da hurumi aka ziyarci da yawa yawon bude ido a Pyatigorsk. Akwai wasu kyau wurare a cikin duwatsu, inda da zarar mawãƙi son zama inda yin yawo en kai a yanzu. Daga cikin babban jan hankali - da ke wakiltar na Lermontov a Pyatigorsk a kan wani hari da dutsen Mashuk. Akwai mawãƙi rubuta a 1837, da zanen - "View na Pyatigorsk", wanda ya siffanta da hari. Ya, a kan Lermontov ba, ya zama wani wuri na sirri tarurruka Pechorin da Vera.

Har 1831 shi shi ne saba dutsen kogo, wanda yayi mai ban mamaki views daga Pyatigorsk. Sa'an nan Bernardazzi 'yan'uwa (Johann da Yusufu, da gida magina) sun tuba da shi a cikin wani wakiltar, bencina shigar da shi, da kuma ƙarfe sanduna to ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin seventies na XIX karni. The Cast-baƙin ƙarfe plaque "wakiltar na Lermontov" da aka kafa a shekarar 1961. Nesa da birnin da mutane a nan Lermontov hutu daga Hustle da bustle.

"Ta yaya zaki song of my mahaifarsa ..."

Wurare da dama a yawon shakatawa Yanã shiryar da za su iya kai ziyara da kuma Museum-Reserve Lermontov a Pyatigorsk, da abin tunawa da stele da hurumi da kuma matsayi na duel a gindin Dutsen Mashuk. Mutane da yawa sun yarda ya je ta da mawãƙi ta fi so wurare a kusa da birnin, inda ya sau da yawa tafiya. Saboda haka a lokaci daya aikata Leo Tolstoy, Sergey Yesenin, Vasily Shukshin, kusan karshe kyaun wurin ƙailũla daga cikin manyan marubuci, mawãƙi da artist kamar yadda ya na sirri ziyarar.

Musamman cunkus a nan a kan rana ta tunawa da mawãƙi - a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli. Gudanar da wallafe-wallafen karatu, sauti Lermontov ta ayoyi. Kuma quite sau da yawa - da wadannan Lines: "Yaya zaki song of my mahaifarsa, ina son Caucasus!"