Hotunan Moscow Kremlin. Tarihin ginin, makirci, bayanin

A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin babban gani na Moscow Kremlin. An located a kan Borovitsky wani tudu 25 mita sama da m ƙasa a mahaɗar tsakãninsu da Moskva River da kogin Neglinnaya. Borovitsky tudun a cikin tsohon rufe itace, godiya ga wanda ya samu da sunan. Moscow Kremlin za a iya daukan matsayin progenitor na yanzu babban birnin kasar Rasha. Bayan na farko Moscow gine-gine da aka located daidai a kan karkararta. Gani da Kremlin da kuma Red Square da aka gina a daban-daban sau. Don haka bari mu fara da labarin game da su daga farkon sosai, a shekara-shekara domin.

Don gane prehistory na aukuwa na irin wannan wani muhimmin wuri domin kasar mu, a matsayin Kremlin (Moscow). Masana kimiyya nema da farko burbushi na mutum Borovitsky Hill karshen II dubu. BC. e. A farkon da XII karni, a nan kuma akwai wani shiri, wanda ya zama m na zamani Moscow. Vyatichi shagaltar da wani babban yanki tare da Borovitsky Hill. Wancan ne, akwai bayyana biyu ƙauyuka, kufaifan kare zobe.

Tsawon Ancient Rus

Ancient jihar farko kunshi raba mulkoki. A mafi yawa da kuma m ne Rostov-Suzdal. Its babban birnin kasar shi ne na biyu da rabi na XII karni birnin Vladimir. Moscow kẽwayesu da sarauta daga yamma.

A 1147, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin Ipatiev Chronicle, Yuri Dolgoruky, Prince of Suzdal, ya gayyace Mataimakinsa Svyatoslav, Novgorod-Seversky Prince a Moscow. Wannan taron shi ne na farko ambaci Rasha babban birnin kasar a cikin shirin gaskiya kafofin, kuma wannan ranar ne dauke da farkon samuwar birnin.

A XIII karni, Moscow, kazalika da sauran Rasha birane sha wahala daga hare-haren na Batu. Duk da haka, bayan da wasu lokaci, birnin fara raya. A Moscow, akwai na farko daular sarakuna a cikin wannan lokaci, ta kafa Daniel, ƙaramin ɗan Aleksandra Nevskogo. Tatar-mangolawa iya ba hallakar da Rasha jihar. Duniya na ci gaba da mulkin Rasha shugabanninmu, samun for cewa taro takardun shaida (tasirin). Irin wannan lakabin a 1319 kuma shi ne babban dan Daniel, Yury na Moscow, ya ci sarauta a Novgorod. Kuma Moscow da aka mika wa su a cikin management ɗan'uwansa.

Ivan Kalita, siffar wanda aka nuna a kasa, ba a motsa, kamar yadda hadisin na magabata, Vladimir. Ya yanke shawarar zama a Moscow. Wannan taron taka leda a manyan rawa a cikin rabo na Kremlin da dukan birnin. A Moscow bayan Ivan da Bitrus ya koma Lardi.

A Kremlin zama mazaunin Rasha shugabanninmu

Kremlin tun lokacin ya daina zama kawai a m tsarin. Description na Kremlin ba shige cikin wannan tsarin. Ya juya a cikin mazaunin Lardi da kuma Grand Duke. Kremlin ƙasa a baya gina up kawai katako Tsarin. Tun wannan lokacin, shi ya fara gina wani gini na fari dutse. Saboda haka, a kan Borovitsky tudu, ta tsororuwar, aka kafa ɗauka cewa Cathedral, wanda ya zama babban coci na Moscow sarauta. Church of Ioanna Lestvichnika bayyana a cikin 1329, da Cathedral of Arhangela Mihaila - a 1333. Wadannan farko gine-gine na dutse da kuma ayyana kara da gine-gine da ra'ayi na Moscow Kremlin, sun tsira zuwa zamaninmu. Babban birnin kasar a karkashin Ivan Kalita ya girma. Kremlin ta wãyi ware tsakiyar ɓangare na birnin.

Ya kamata a ce cewa sunan "Kremlin" ya bayyana a karon farko a tarihin iyãma, kwanan rana 1331 shekara. Yana nufin karfafa tsakiyar ɓangare na birnin.

Ivan Kalita kafin mutuwarsa rubuta a ruhaniya rubuce-rubuce. A da shi, ya gãdar ibãdar ikon Rasha (sarkin tufafin, m tableware, zinariya bel da sarkar), kazalika da duk Moscow ta, ƙasar da 'ya'yansa maza.

fari dutse Kremlin

A 1365 da katako yi na Kremlin sake sha wahala daga wani wuta. Sa'an nan Dmitry Donskoy, matasa sarkin Moscow, ya yanke shawarar gina wani dutse gini a kan wani tudu Borovitsky. Winter 1367 domin wannan aka kawo wa babban birnin kasar na farar ƙasa located 30 mil daga birnin Myachkovo kauyen. Yi ya fara a cikin bazara. A tsakiyar Moscow a sakamakon yana da fari-dutse sansanin soja, wanda shi ne na farko a Arewa-Eastern Rasha. Yankin na Kremlin a lokaci guda da aka kara a kudi na ƙasar tudu, kazalika da ta kalmasa. Its gine da ƙarshen XV karni samu halaye da suke da halayyar zamani Rasha babban birnin kasar da kuma Moscow fara da za a gani a matsayin magaji na Vladimir da Kiev.

Konstantinoful, babban birnin kasar na Byzantine Empire, aka kama a 1453 da Turks. Saboda haka, rawar da Orthodox ya fara gudanar da babban birnin Moscow. Domin kawo birnin a cikin yarda da wannan matsayi, Ivan III kirã su zuwa ga babban birnin na Rasha shugabanninmu da Italian gine-ginen ga Kremlin maimaitawa.

Formation na Kremlin gungu

A karkashin shiryarwar Aristotle Fioravanti, da Italian m, a cikin lokacin daga 1475 zuwa 1479 shekaru, da sabon ɗauka cewa Cathedral, babban coci a Rasha da aka kafa. A wasu karshen square, daura da babban coci, wani Italian, Aleviz sabon, gina Haikali-kabarin - Cathedral of Arhangela Mihaila. Moscow sarkin fada da aka gina a yammacin ɓangare na Kremlin. Yana hada Average Gold, Embankment kuma Big faceted majalisar.

Cathedral na Gaske Shelar aka gina daga baya, a lokacin daga 1485 a 1489 shekara. Kusa da shi da aka bisa Church na shaida na tũfa. A sarari, wanda aka iyakance zuwa Gaske Shelar da Mala'iku Cathedrals, jihar fadar aka located. Wannan shi ne babban taskar yarima.

A gungu na Cathedral Square aka kammala gina kararrawa hasumiya Ivana Velikogo. Yana da aka kammala a shekara 1505-1508. Ivan Mai girma Bell ringing tun sa'an nan ya fara faranta mazauna babban birnin kasar.

All sabon haikali sun al'ada aka gina a kan site na magabata da suke a nan a lokacin da Dmitry Donskoy da kuma Ivan Kalita. Gina a cikin wurin da suke, da Moscow Kremlin gani sun guda sunayen. All kaburbura da sauran kaya daga tsohon haikalin da aka hankali canja zuwa gare su. Na Vladimir ɗauka cewa Cathedral aka koma mafi girmama haramin Rasha a lokacin - icon na Our Lady of Vladimir.

Kremlin hasumiyai

Gina sabon hasumiya, da ganuwar ya karewa touch da zane na Kremlin gungu. Su sake fasalin kudin da sabuntawa faruwa a dama, saukarwa. Taynitskaya hasumiya da aka halitta da farko. Yana da wani boye nassi ga Moskva River. Architect, don kammala wannan aikin, - Anton Fryazin, Italiyanci. Wani da ya takwararta Marco Fryazin halitta Beklemishevskaya hasumiya, da yanzu ake kira Moskvoretskaya. Sa'an nan halitta Sviblova, wanda shi ma yana da wani m mafita zuwa Moscow River. A Sviblovo hasumiya a 1633 muka kafa musamman inji for dagawa ruwa da kuma sake masa suna shi Vodovzvodnaya.

A 1488, da Gaske Shelar hasumiyar da aka gina. Sa'an nan Ya ɗaukaka da sauran gani na Moscow Kremlin. Sun kasance biyu mara Suna hasumiyar da Borovitskaya, Bitrus, Nabatnaya da Constantine da kuma Helen. Spassky hasumiyar da aka gina don ƙarfafa gabashin ɓangare na Kremlin. Ta yanzu ya alamar kasuwanci. Spassky hasumiya samu da sunan da girmama na biyu icons: Mai Ceto da mai da mai ceto na Smolensk.

St. Nicholas aka gina a lokaci guda. Tsakanin shi da kuma mai ceto ya girma ko da daya da cewa daga baya ya zama da aka sani da majalisar dattijai. Middle da Corner Arsenal Tower bayyana zuwa karshen cikin XV karni. A daidai wannan lokaci, akwai Triniti, mafi girma a cikin Kremlin. Don tabbatar da kare lafiya da hanyoyin da shi aka gina shi Kutafya hasumiya. Domin da wannan manufa da aka gina tare da gidan makamai da kuma Kwamandan na Neglinnaya River. A 1680 kuma ya bayyana a karshe Hasumiyar Kremlin - Tsar ta turret.

zamanin Ivana Groznogo lokaci a cikin tarihi na Kremlin

A 1547 a ɗauka cewa Cathedral Ivan Grozny, Grand Prince of Moscow, aka zayyana na farko a Rasha autocrat. Shugaban Rasha Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Macarius hukuma bayyana shi sarki, sa a tafiya a kan shugaban Monomakh Ivana Groznogo. Domin bada karin yiwuwa ga Moscow mulkinsa, aka yanke shawarar zuwa canonize yawa ascetics da kuma tarihi Figures, kazalika da ra'ayin a yi ado ganuwar da Kremlin Cathedrals monumental zane-zane.

Soja yakin, wanda a cikin sa a ci nasara Astrakhan da Kazan Khanate, ƙarfafa ikon Rasha jihar. A girmama wadannan abubuwan, an yanke shawarar gina Cathedral na Ceto na Virgin Mary, kuma aka sani a yau kamar yadda St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo. Ya aka gina a cikin lokaci daga 1555 zuwa 1562 waje da Kremlin, wanda ya jaddada musamman muhimmancin wannan gini. A nan, a kusa da Spassky Gate, sannu-sannu kafa wani sabon cibiyar rayuwar al'umma na Moscow - Red Square.

A lokacin Livonian War, shi aka mayar da su zuwa Polotsk, da tsoho Rasha birni. A daraja na wannan taron, Ivan Grozny umurce su da su sake gina haikalin da Gaske Shelar, wanda aiki a matsayin gidansa coci. 4 kananan majami'u (chapels) an gina a kan galleries na babban coci a 1563-1566, bi da bi.

A zamanin mulkin sarki, a Bugu da kari, an lura da zargin da umarni na Kremlin. A ake kira controls. Su gine-gine da aka located a kan Ivanovo yankin na Kremlin juya yayin da a cikin administrative da kuma kasuwanci cibiyar babban birnin kasar. Ambassadorial Sashen aka dauke mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu. A ofishinsa su ne batutuwan da suka shafi kasashen waje da manufofin, kazalika da iko a kan kiyaye da ofishin jakadancin bikin.

Kremlin hira, sanya a cikin XVIII karni

A farko cikakken taswirar Kremlin, wanda aka kiyaye su a yau, Dates baya ga 1663 shekara. A da shi za ka iya game da tunanin yadda wannan wuri duba nan.

Kremlin (Moscow) a nuna na XVII-XVIII ƙarni samu a lokacin da yake heyday. babban birnin jihar aka koma da umurnin Petra Velikogo daga Moscow zuwa St Petersburg a 1712. Duk da haka, ɗauka cewa Cathedral ci gaba da zama babban coci a Rasha. An nan tsarkake gwamnati. Amma sabon yanayi shibtarsu a daban-daban hanyar rayuwa, don haka da ƙasa Borovitsky Hill ya fara sake gina. Akwai sabon jan hankali na Moscow Kremlin, musamman, manyan gidãje, gidajen lama da kuma maye gurbin tsoho Knights majalisar.

Saboda haka, dismantled gina a cikin XV karni, da House na Tsar ta kotu. Su aka maye gurbinsu da Baroque m Rastrelli sanya dutse Winter Palace a style. Akwai kuma wani Tsar Bell simintin ta domin na Anny Ioannovny. Sai da na ɗauki tsawon shekaru biyu - daga 1733 zuwa 1735. Duk da haka, ya aka bai ƙaddara mu bauta wa manufar da aka nufa. A 1737, a lokacin da Kremlin Triniti cike wuta, su bice constructions na itace da fallasa su ruwa a kararrawa. Saboda da babba zazzabi bambance-bambance gutsure m daga gare shi. Bell ya zauna a cikin simintin rami game da shekara ɗari, amma a 1836 an kafa a kan wani pedestal, inda ya zauna ga wannan rana.

Samar da wani bayanin irin Moscow Kremlin, shi ya kamata a ambata cewa ta yi aka ba ko da yaushe kubutar da kuma m. Saboda haka, a cikin wurin da baitul Kotun, Gallery na gidan makamai da aka gina a cikin shekara 1756-1764, akwai aka sanya taska taskar. A 'yan shekarun baya aka yanke shawarar sake gina da Kremlin da gidan makamai da aka rushe tare da sauran tsoho gine-gine. Saboda wannan kudu-gabashin ɓangare na ƙasar tudu Borovitsky zama danda, da kuma daina gina up.

MF Kazakov taka muhimmiyar rawa a canza bayyanar da Kremlin. Bishop ta gidan da aka gina a karkashin dubawa. A 1776-1787 shekaru da aka gina ta majalisar dattijai. Ginin da aka Fitted a cikin sarari tsakanin titi da kuma St. Nicholas da Miracle sufi. An kammala da gungu na Majalisar Dattijan Square.

Alexander I a 1806 bayar da umarni bisa ga abin da a wuri na Triniti sufi da Tsareborisova kotu aka yanke shawarar gina wani gidan kayan gargajiya gini ga ajiya na dukiya mai daraja. Egotov aikin ginin da aka tsara. Construction na gidan kayan gargajiya da aka za'ayi daga 1806 zuwa 1810. A Kremlin, a sakamakon wannan, wani sabon gini, kazalika da wani karamin yanki tsakanin Arsenal da Triniti hasumiya, mai lakabin Triniti.

Kremlin bayan yaƙin 1812

Plans domin kara sake fasalin kudin da Kremlin m Patriotic War. Lokacin da Napoleon ta sojojin mamaye Moscow, birnin rungumi gobara. Mutane da yawa masu daraja da aka sace. Petrovsky busa, 1st Nameless, Vodovzvodnaya hasumiya, kusan kome ba bar kuma daga St. Nicholas.

Halittar Moscow Kremlin, kazalika da maido da ya gungu da aka ci gaba bayan nasarar. Ɗaukar masa Rasha gine-ginen. Ku busa up da Kremlin garu da hasumiyoyin gina. A 1838-1851 shekaru da oda na Nicholas I a shafin na Winter Palace aka gina fadar hadaddun. Yana yana daga cikin Moscow gidan makamai, Grand Kremlin Palace da kuma Apartment. Yi jagoranci KA Ton. A gungu na da Palace Square ado hadaddun na sabon gine-gine.

Cathedral Square tun da rushe umarni kuma kasance a bude. Akwai aka za'ayi a cikin XIX karni, farati da sojoji. Yana zama da aka sani Dragoon farati ƙasa. A wannan lokaci, a cikin shekarar 1989, aka gina wani gini a Alexander II.

Kremlin a lokacin Soviet zamanin

Mun bayar da shawarar da ka familiarize kanka tare da Moscow Kremlin ta shirya, kwanan rana 1917 shekara.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1918, a cikin Kremlin, gwamnati ta zaunar da RSFSR. A majalisar dattijai ofishin-Apartment na Lenin ta farko da ginin shi aka located, sa'an nan Stalin. Majami'un na Kremlin suka rufe zuwa ga jama'a.

A wannan lokaci, shi ya sha fama da irreparable lalacewar majami'u da kuma gidajen lama a duk faɗin ƙasar. Kremlin gungu ba su kubuta wannan rabo. Moscow Kremlin shirin ya canza wani bit. A shekara ta 1929 Voznesensky da Chudov gidajen lama an halaka. A gini na Soja School ya girma a inda suke.

A lokacin babban Patriotic War, da gine-gine da wuya ya shafa. Yana da aka bude don dubawa a shekarar 1955. A shekarar 1961 a kusa da Triniti ƙofofi suka gina da Palace na Congresses.

Kremlin gungu a yau

Yau, da yawa yawon bude ido daga ko'ina a duniya zo gano da gani da Kremlin da kuma Red Square. Wadannan wurare, kuma a wannan rana ba rasa su girma.

A shekarar 1990, da Kremlin ya shiga UNESCO Duniya Heritage List. Museum located a nan, sanya ajiye "Moscow Kremlin", ciki har da gidan makamai, da Gaske Shelar, da zato da Mala'iku Cathedral, da Museum of aiyuka Art da kuma Life of XVII karni Rasha, Church na shaida na tũfa da gungu na Ivan Mai girma Bell. Tun daga shekarar 1991, Kremlin zama mazaunin Rasha shugaban kasa.

By da 850 th ranar tunawa da babban birnin kasar, wanda Moscow ya ce a shekarar 1997, da Kremlin da aka mayar da sake. A sakamakon wadannan ayyukan da aka mayar da Red Linkoki faceted bẽne, majalisar dattijai ya halartar maido da ginin, kuma aka za'ayi da sauran aiki. Yau, da Kremlin Cathedrals a lokacin babban idodi na Orthodox allahntaka sabis. Yi kyau a matsayin yawon shakatawa na dukan gungu.

Moscow Kremlin shirin ya hada da dama daban-daban gine-gine. Shi yana da wani yanki na 27.5 kadada a yau, da kuma tsawon da ganuwar -. 2235 M yana da 20 hasumiya, wadda isa Heights na 80 mita. Kremlin ganuwar da kauri daga 3.5 zuwa 6.5 m. Su tsawo ne 5 zuwa 15 m.

Yau wannan wuri ne aka gudanar da wani ban sha'awa taron - canza matsara a Kremlin. Yana da aka gudanar a Dandalin Cathedral kowane Asabar a 12 tsakar rana. A lokacin da za ka iya gani da jũyãwar matsara a cikin Kremlin - daga watan Afrilu zuwa watan Oktoba. Shi ne sosai dace domin yawon bude ido.

Kremlin a farkon na XX karni aka ƙara riskarsa kamar wani gine-gine da kuma tarihi da al'adu tunawa. A daban-daban na duniya da kuma na kasa nune-nunen ne sau da yawa a kan nuni taskõkin daga sarki ta vestry da kuma ma'ajiyar makamai. A karshen ne riga a cikin XIX karni aka fadar gidan kayan gargajiya. Duk da haka, da tarihi ya fara yawa a baya. Back to 1547 ne na farko ambaci halitta a lokacin da oda gidan makamai. A wannan lokaci akwai aka sa yãƙi arsenal. Wani lokaci daga baya, da gidan makamai fara kiran manyan taskar, da kuma saba mana da sunan ya samo asali a cikin 1560s. A gidan kayan gargajiya yanzu ta ƙunshi musamman tarihi farfado, ciki har da Cap na Monomakh, kazalika da haihuwa m yadudduka, da gadãje, na Rasha sarakuna, makamai da kuma more.

Kremlin The labarin ya ci gaba da tarihi na jihar, alama ce abin da ya. A XXI karni har yanzu zai shiga ta kansa page.