Ƙari Technology: description, definition, da kuma aikace-aikace siffofi ratings. Ƙari fasahar a masana'antu

3D-bugu fasahar da aka gabatar a shekarar 1986, lokacin da kamfanin 3D Systems ɓullo da farko musamman printer - stereolithography inji, wanda ake amfani da ko'ina a cikin tsaro masana'antu. A farko inji sun tsada sosai, kuma da zabi na kayan ga halittar model ya iyakance. A m ci gaba na uku girma bugu fara ne da ci gaban da zane da fasaha (CAD), lissafin da kwaikwaiyo (CAE) da kuma machining (cam). Kuma yau shi ne wuya a sami wani yanki na samar, wanda ba zai yi amfani da 3D-firintocinku :. amfani da su don samar da sassan jirgin sama, kumbon sama jannati, submarines, kayayyakin aiki, prostheses kuma implants, kayan ado, da dai sauransu A hange ne bayyananne - ƙari fasahar a nan gaba zai zama wani fifiko na aikin injiniyan inji fasahar .

Manyan kasashen duniya suna rayayye da hannu a cikin 3D-racing. Alal misali, a 2012, a Yangstoune, Ohio, ya bude da National Innovation Institute ƙari masana'antu NAMII - na farko cibiyar na ƙari fasahar na goma sha biyar samar a Amurka. Machine shakatawa Cibiyar riga yana 10 daga ƙari inji, uku daga waxanda suke da mafi m inji don ƙirƙirar karfe sassa.

Terminology da rarrabuwa

Jigon ƙari fasahar ne mu hada kayan don ƙirƙirar data abubuwa daga 3D-model Layer da Layer. Wannan shi ne daban-daban daga al'ada subtractive masana'antu dabarun yana ambaton machining - cire kayan daga workpiece.

Ƙari fasahar ne classified:

• da kayayyakin amfani (ruwa, particulate, polymeric, karfe foda).
• da gaban Laser.
• ta Hanyar kayyade da Layer yi (thermal sakamako, sakawa a iska mai guba da ultraviolet ko a bayyane haske, da m abun da ke ciki).
• ta Hanyar samuwar Layer.

Akwai hanyoyi biyu da su kafa wata Layer. Na farko shi ne cewa na farko dandali aka zuba a kan foda abu, shi ne barsu ko nadi wuka ya haifar da wani ko da Layer na so kauri daga kayan. Yana faruwa a zabe Laser foda aiki ko wasu Hanyar foda barbashi fili (narkewa ko gluing) bisa ga halin yanzu sashe na CAD-model. Construction jirgin saman ne canzawa, da kuma wasu daga cikin foda rage m. Wannan tsari shine ake kira zabe kira, kazalika da zabe Laser sintering, idan wani fili daga cikin kayan aiki ne mai Laser. Na biyu Hanyar kunshi a cikin kai tsaye shaida daga cikin kayan a Summing batu makamashi.

Organization ASTM, wanda tasowa masana'antu nagartacce, da rababben 3D-ƙari fasahar cikin 7 Categories.

1. Extruding abu. A gina batu na preheated extruder ciyar da manna abu, a cakuda m da karfe foda. Gina danyen model aka sanya a cikin wani gini a cire m da sinter foda - a cikin wannan hanya kamar yadda ya faru a gargajiya da fasahar. Wannan ƙari fasahar da aka aiwatar a karkashin alamun kasuwanci MJS (Multiphase Jet solidification, multiphase jet solidification), FDM (Fused shaida tallan kayan kawa, kwaikwaiyo ta layerwise fusing), FFF (Fused filament gyaran, samar da hanya fusing filaments).
2. Spraying abu. Alal misali, a Polyjet kakin zuma ko photopolymer fasahar for Multi-jet kai ne amfani da wata ma'ana yi. Wannan ƙari fasahar kuma ake kira Multi jetting Material.
3. Yayyafa m. Wadannan sun hada da jet Ink-Jet-allura fasahar a yi na zone ba Model abu, wani m wakili (ƙari masana'antu fasahar ExOne).
4. Fili na takardar kayan. Gina abu ne mai polymer film, karfe tsare, takarda da sauransu. Ana amfani da, misali, a cikin ultrasonic fasahar ƙari Fabrisonic. Bakin ciki karfe faranti an welded tare da duban dan tayi, bayan da wuce haddi da karfe an cire ta milling. Ƙari fasahar da aka yi amfani da tare da tare da subtractive.
5. Photopolymerization wanka. A fasahar amfani da wani ruwa tallan kayan kawa kayan - photopolymer guduro. An misali ne SLA-fasahar kamfanin 3D Systems da kuma DLP-fasahar Envisiontec kamfanin, Digital Light Procession.
6. Narkewa na kayan cikin wani pre-kafa Layer. Amfani a cikin SLS-fasahar, ta yin amfani da matsayin tushen samar da makamashi Laser ko thermal kai (SHS kamfanin Blueprinter).
7. Direct makamashi Summing up zuwa wuri na yi. Abu da kuma samar da makamashi ciyar da ta narkewa batu a cikin shiri lokaci guda. A jikin da ake amfani da matsayin aiki kai, sanye take da wani tsarin for samar da makamashi da kuma kayan. Energy zo a cikin wani nau'i na mayar da hankali katako na electrons (Sciaky) ko Laser katako (POM, Optomec,). Wani lokaci kai ne saka a kan "hannunka" na robot.

Wannan rarrabuwa ne yafi tattaunawa game da matsalolin da Indiyan ƙari fasahar fiye da na baya wadanda.

Fields na aikace-aikace

ƙari fasahar kasuwa a ƙarfafa muhimmancin raya gaba da sauran masana'antu. Its talakawan shekara-shekara girma kiyasta a 27%, bisa ga IDC kamfanin kiyasin cewa ta 2019 zai adadin zuwa dala biliyan 26.7 idan aka kwatanta da 11 biliyan a 2015

Duk da haka, da AT kasuwa har yanzu bai bayyana untapped yuwuwar a samar da mabukaci kaya. Har zuwa 10% na kamfanonin da darajar samar da dukiya ta cinye a prototyping. Kuma da yawa kamfanonin sun riga dauka wannan kasuwar kashi. Amma sauran 90% da ke shiga samarwa, don haka samar da aikace-aikace na m masana'antu na kayayyakin zai zama babban shugabanci na ci gaban wannan masana'antu a nan gaba.

A 2014, da rabo daga m prototyping fasahar a kasuwa na ƙari ko da yake rage, shi ya kasance cikin mafi girman - 35%, da rabo daga samarwa girma da sauri da kuma kai wata 31% rabo a cikin halittar kayan aikin zauna zauna a 25%, sauran aka lissafta ta bincike da kuma ilimi.

By tattalin arziki sassa, da AT-tech aikace-aikace rarraba kamar haka:

• 21% - mabukaci kayayyakin da lantarki.
• 20% - mota.
• 15% - magani, ciki har da Dentistry.
• 12% - aeronautics da kuma sarari masana'antu.
• 11% - samar da hanyar samarwa;
• 8% - soja kayan aiki;
• 8% - samuwar.
• 3% - yi.

Yan koyo da kuma kwararru

AT-tech kasuwa ne zuwa kashi mai son da kuma sana'a. Amateur kasuwar hada 3D-firintocinku da su tabbatarwa, wanda ya hada da sabis, kaya, software, kuma an tsara don mutum masu goyon baya, da ilimi da kuma na gani na ra'ayoyi da kuma wadata sadarwa a farko mataki na ci gaba da sabon kasuwanci.

Professional 3D-firintocinku ne tsada kuma su dace da Extended haifuwa. Bã su da wani babban yanki na yi, yi, daidaito, AMINCI, Extended kewayon model kayan. Wadannan inji ne yafi rikitarwa da kuma bukatar ci gaban musamman da dabarun aiki da na'urorin kansu, tare da model kayan da software. Yawanci, da sadarwarka na na'ura zama sana'a gwani a ƙari fasahar da hakan fasaha da ilimi.

Ƙari Technology a 2015

A cewar rahoton Wohlers Report 2015, 1988 da kuma 2014 79 602 masana'antu na 3D-firintocinku aka shigar a dukan duniya. A daidai wannan lokaci 38.1% daga cikin na'urorin da kudin fiye da 5 dubu dalar Amurka ne daga Amurka, 9.3% - for Japan, 9.2% - a kasar Sin, da kuma 8.7% - Jamus. Sauran mutanen duniya ne nisa gaba daga cikin shugabannin. Daga shekara ta 2007 zuwa 2014 da shekara-shekara girma na tallace-tallace na tebur firintocinku karu daga 66 zuwa 139 584 raka'a. A 2014, 91,6% na tallace-tallace lissafta ga tebur 3D-firintocinku, da kuma 8.4% - ga masana'antu aikace-aikace na ƙari masana'antu, da riba daga wanda, duk da haka, lissafta ga 86,6% na jimlar, ko 1.12 dalar Amurka biliyan cikakkar sharuddan. Desktop inji idãnunki 173,2 dalar Amurka miliyan 13.4 da kuma%. A shekara ta 2016, muna sa ran tallace-tallace girma zuwa $ 7.3 biliyan, a shekara ta 2018 - 12.7 biliyan, a shekarar 2020 da kasuwar za su isa $ 21.2 biliyan.

A cewar Wohlers, FDM-fasahar rinjaya, averaging game da 300 brands a dukan duniya, a kowace rana ƙara sabon gyare-gyare. Wasu daga cikin su suna sayar kawai a gida, don haka yana da matukar wuya, idan ba zai yiwu ba, don nemo bayani game da yawan kerarre brands na 3D-firintocinku. Tare da amincewa da zamu iya cewa adadin su a kasuwa qara da kowane wucewa rana. Akwai babban bambanci a size da fasahar amfani. Alal misali, Berlin kamfanin samar da wata babbar BigRep FDM-printer kira BigRep ONE.2 a farashin 36 dubu. Yuro, iya bugu abubuwa har zuwa 900 x 1055 x 1100 mm tare da wani ƙuduri na 100-1000 microns, tare da biyu extruders da ikon amfani da daban-daban kayan.

Industry - domin

A jirgin sama masana'antu ne da zuba jari sosai a samar da ƙari. A amfani da ƙari fasahar za ta rage amfani da kayan shafe a kan samar da sassa da 10 sau. Ana sa ran cewa GE sufurin jiragen sama Company za a shekara buga 40 dubu. Injectors. Kuma Airbus ta 2018 da kamfanin da aka je buga up to 30 ton daga sassa da watan. Kamfanin Notes da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin halaye na kerarre sassa a cikin irin wannan hanya kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da na gargajiya. Sai ya juya daga cewa da sashi, wanda aka tsara domin 2.3 ton kaya, a gaskiya, na iya yin tsayayya lodi up to 14 ton yayin da rage da nauyi da rabi. Bugu da kari, kamfanin wallafa bayanai na aluminum takardar da man fetur haɗawar. A Airbus jirgin sama na da 60 dubu. Pieces, buga da 3D-printer Stratasys Fortus Company. Sauran kamfanoni Aerospace masana'antu suna kuma yin amfani da ƙari masana'antu da fasaha. Daga cikin su: Bell helikofta, Bae Systems, Bombardier, Boeing, Embraer, Honeywell Aerospace, Janar kuzarin kawo cikas, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls Royce-da SpaceX.

Digital ƙari fasahar an riga an yi amfani da sarrafa daga daban-daban mabukaci kaya. Company materialize, samar da ayyuka ƙari masana'antu, tana hada kai da Hoet Eyeware a yi na tabarau ga wahayin gyara da kuma tabarau. 3D-model an bayar da dama girgije sabis. Kawai kamfanin ta 3D sito da Sketchup bayar 2.7 miliyan samfurori. Kada ka zauna a cikin jam'iyyar da kuma fashion masana'antu. RS Print yana amfani da wani tsarin da cewa ƙaddara matsa lamba na soles, a buga su mutum insoles. Designers suna gwaji da bikinis, takalma da kuma riguna.

m prototyping

Karkashin m prototyping fahimta halittar samfur kayayyakin a cikin guntu yiwu lokaci. Shi ne daya daga cikin manyan aikace-aikace na ƙari masana'antu da fasahar. Samfur - shi ne mai irin samfurin da ake bukata domin inganta da siffar da wani ɓangare na da kimantawa ergonomics, taro tabbaci damar da daidaitar layout mafita. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa akan rage masana'antu sassa rayuwa iya rage cin lokaci. Har ila yau, da samfur na iya zama wani abin koyi tsara don nata irin da hydrodynamic gwaji ko tabbaci aiki enclosures na iyali, kuma likita kayan aiki. Mutane da yawa prototypes halitta kamar yadda exploratory zane model tare da nuances a cikin sanyi, launuka da kuma canza launi da sauransu. D. Don m prototyping yana amfani da m 3D-firintocinku.

m samarwa

A ƙari fasahar a cikin masana'antu da manyan al'amurra. Kananan sikelin samar da kayayyakin da hadaddun lissafi da kuma na musamman kayan kowa a cikin Shipbuilding, ikon aikin injiniya, reconstructive tiyata da hakori magani, Aerospace masana'antu. Direct namo daga karfe kayayyakin da aka m da tattalin arziki expediency, kamar yadda wannan yanayin na samar da tsada. Tare da yin amfani da ƙari fasahar yin aiki da jikin turbines da shafts, implants da prostheses, kayayyakin gyara ga motoci da kuma jiragen sama.

A ci gaba da m masana'antu da kuma gudummawar da wani gagarumin karuwa a yawan samuwa karfe foda kayan. Idan a 2000 akwai 5-6 iri powders, yanzu shi yayi wani m kewayon, adadin ya kashe dubun waƙoƙi daga tsarin karfe ga daraja karafa da kuma superalloys.

Alamar rahama da ƙari fasaha a aikin injiniyan inji, inda suka za a iya amfani da a yi na kayan aikin da kayayyakin aiki, don jerin samar - abun da ake sakawa ga allura gyare-gyaren inji, kyawon shaci.

Ultimaker 2 - mafi kyau 3D-printer a 2016

A ra'ayi na guntu mujallar, wanda gudanar da gwaji kuma idan aka kwatanta da halaye na iyali na 3D-firintocinku, mafi firintocinku 2016 model Ultimaker ne 2 kamfanonin Ultimaker, Reniforce RF1000 kamfanin Conrad da kuma fitowa Desktop 3D bugawa kamfanin MakerBot.

Ultimaker 2+ a cikin ingantattun model yana amfani da kwaikwaiyo fasahar ta fusing. 3D-printer bambanta karami Layer kauri daga 0.02 mm, a kananan lokaci lissafi, low cost bugu (2600 goga da 1 kg na abu). Key Features:

• girman da aiki jam'iyya - 223 x 223 x 305 mm.
• nauyi - 12,3 kg.
• shugaban size - 0.25 / 0.4 / 0.6 / 0.8 mm;
• mutu zazzabi - 180-260 ° C;
• ƙuduri Layer - 150-60 / 200-20 / 400-20 / 600-20 microns.
• Print Speed - 8-24 mm ³ / s.
• daidaici XYZ - 12,5-12,55 microns.
• abu - PLA, ABS, CPE diamita 2,85 mm;
• Software - Cura.
• Goyan bayan fayil iri - STL, OBJ, AMF.
• Ikon amfani - 221 W;
• farashin - 1895 Yuro, da kuma tushe model 2495 Yuro mika.

A cewar abokin ciniki reviews, da printer ne hasken shigar da amfani. Bikin babban ƙuduri, kai-daidaitawa gado, babban iri-iri na kayan amfani, da yin amfani da bude tushen software. A disadvantages sun hada da printer bude printer zane, wanda na iya haifar da konewa daga zafi abu.

LulzBot Mini 3D bugawa

A wani nazari da mujallar PC Magazine Ultimaker 2 da fitowa Desktop 3D bugawa ma sun shiga saman uku, amma a nan da fari ya firintar LulzBot Mini 3D firintar. Its bayani dalla-dalla su ne kamar haka:

• girman da aiki jam'iyya - 152 x 152 x 158 mm.
• Weight - 8,55 kg.
• mutu zazzabi - 300 ° C;
• Layer kauri - 0.05-0.5 mm;
• Print Speed - 275 mm / s a wata tsawo na 0,18 mm Layer.
• abu - PLA, ABS, kwatangwalo, PVA, PETT, polyester, nailan, polycarbonate, PETG, PCTE, PC-ABS, da sauransu diamita na 3 mm.
• Software - Cura, OctoPrint, BotQueue, Slic3r, Printrun, MatterControl da dai sauransu.;
• Ikon amfani - 300 W;
• farashin - $ 1 da 250.

Sciaky EBAM 300

Daya daga cikin mafi kyau masana'antu inji ƙari masana'antu ne EBAM 300 kamfanonin Sciaky. Electron katako gun sa da karfe yadudduka a gudun har zuwa 9 kg awa.

• girman da aiki jam'iyya - 5791 x 1219 x 1219 mm.
• da matsa lamba na injin jam'iyya - 1x10 ^-4 Ki;
• ikon amfani - har zuwa 42 kW a wani irin ƙarfin lantarki na 60 KV.
• fasahar - extrusion.
• abu - titanium kuma titanium gami, Tantalite, inconel, tungsten, niobium, bakin karfe, aluminum, karfe, tagulla-nickel gami (70/30 da kuma 30/70).
• matsakaicin adadin - 8605,2 lita.
• farashin - 250 dubu dalar Amurka ..

Ƙari fasahar a Rasha

masana'antu-sa inji a Rasha ba su samar. Duk da yake kawai ake ci gaba a cikin "Rosatom", da Laser cibiyar MSTU. Bauman University "STANKIN" Polytechnic University of St. Petersburg, da Urals Jami'ar Tarayya. "Voronezhselimmash", samar da ilimi da kuma m 3D-firintocinku "Alpha", yana bunkasa kasuwanci ƙari shuka.

A wannan halin da ake ciki tare da kayayyaki. The shugaban na ci gaba da powders da kuma foda formulations a Rasha ne VIAM. Suka samar da foda ga ƙari fasahar ana amfani da na maido da injin turbin ruwan wukake, da oda na Permian "jirgin sama injuna». Ci gaba shi ne, kuma a All-Rasha Cibiyar haske gami (ƙafafun). Aukuwa ne daban-daban injiniya cibiyoyin ko'ina cikin Rasha Federation. "Rostec", Ural Branch of Rasha Academy of Sciences, UFU kai su ci gaba. Amma har yanzu ba su iya saduwa ko da karamin bukatar 20 ton na foda a kowace shekara.

A wannan batun, da gwamnatin umurci ma'aikatar ilimi, ma'aikatar tattalin arziki, ma'aikatar masana'antu, ma'aikatar Communications, Rasha Academy of Sciences, Fano, "Roscosmos", "Rosatom", "Rosstandart" raya cibiyoyin kafa a hadewa shirin ci gaba da kuma gudanar da bincike. Domin shi ne samarwa ware ƙarin kasafin kudin tarayya, kazalika da la'akari da yiwuwar co-kudi a kudi na National Welfare Asusun da sauran kafofin. An shawarar su goyi bayan sabon samar da fasaha, a Vol. H. Bugu da kari, MERs, "Rosnano" Asusun "Skolkovo", da fitarwa dillancin "EXIAR", "Vnesheconombank". A gwamnati ne kuma wakilta masana'antu da cinikayya ma'aikatar za su shirya wani sashe na jihar shirin domin ci gaba da kuma inganta masana'antu gasa.